Chemical Seedbed Preparation (Wheat, Corn, Oats, Barley)
Dan Ball
Reviewed November 26, 2008
•  paraquat (Gramoxone Inteon)
Rate  0.375 to 1 lb ai/A (1.5 to 4 pints/A Gramoxone Inteon) 
Time  Apply any time before or after planting until crop emerges. Crop emerged at the time of application will be killed.
Remarks  Add 0.25% (v/v) nonionic surfactant. Prepare seedbed as far ahead of planting as possible, and delay treatment to permit maximum weed emergence. Seed with a minimum of soil disturbance. Weeds emerging after application will not be controlled. Not registered on oats.
Caution  A restricted-use herbicide. Wear protective clothing; avoid contact, especially with the eyes. Read and comply fully with label precautions. Do not graze livestock in treated area. Dry, dusty conditions will decrease the activity. Do not apply if crop has already emerged.
Site of action  Group 22: photosystem I electron diversion
Chemical family  Bipyridilium
•  glyphosate (several products)
Rate  0.28 to 0.75 lb ae/A + 0.5 to 1% (v/v) nonionic surfactant
Time  Use before, during, or after planting but before crop emerges. Delay treatment as long as possible to permit maximum weed emergence. Weeds emerging after herbicide application will not be controlled. Crop plants emerged at time of glyphosate application will be killed.
Remarks  Use lower application rate to control annual grasses, lambsquarters, tumble mustard, tansy mustard, and prickly lettuce. Use higher application rates for other species. Apply to actively growing weeds less than 5 inches tall. If weeds are over 5 inches tall, apply 1.5 lb ae/A.
Caution  Avoid contact with eyes and prolonged contact with skin. Use only according to label instructions. Do not graze for 8 wk after application.
Site of action  Group 9: inhibits EPSP synthase
Chemical family  None generally accepted
•  carfentrazone (Aim) 
Rate  0.008 to 0.031 lb ai/A (0.5 to 2 fl oz/A Aim EC)
Time  Apply to actively growing weeds up to 4 inches tall and to rosettes less than 3 inches across.
Remarks  Adjust rate for weed species and density of weed stand. Add 0.25% (v/v) nonionic surfactant. After applying Aim, plant registered crops any time. Plant all other crops 12 mo after application. Good spray coverage is essential.
Caution  Do not exceed 0.031 lb ai/A Aim per season.
Site of action  Group 14: protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor
Chemical family  Triazinone
•  pyraflufen ethyl (ET) 
Rate  0.0008 to 0.0032 lb ai/A (0.5 to 2 fl oz/A ET)
Time  Apply to actively growing weeds up to 4 inches tall and to rosettes less than 3 inches across.
Remarks  Adjust rate for weed species and density of weed stand. Adding a crop oil concentrate (COC) or nonionic surfactant (NIS) is recommended. After applying ET, plant registered crops any time. Plant crops not listed on the label 30 days after application. Good spray coverage is essential.
Caution  Do not exceed three applications or 5.5 fl oz/A during the fallow period. Allow 30 days between applications. Do not allow livestock to graze in treated areas.
Site of action  Group 14: protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor
Chemical family  Phenylpyrazole
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